I am all mantra
We therefore examined here whether repetitive speech in nonmeditators may result in such BOLD reduction even when compared to resting state. We hypothesized that part of the documented calming impact of Mantra mediation may be due to its repetitive speech aspect – resulting in a wide-spread cortical inhibition. Importantly, in many contemplative traditions, mind wandering is considered a distraction and a gateway to rumination, anxiety and depression (Sood and Jones 2013), and therefore its practice aims at reducing stimulus independent thought. 2001), predicting and planning (Raichle and Snyder 2007 Preminger et al.
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The DMN is related in general to internally oriented thought processes, including evaluative self-reference (Gusnard et al.
It includes the medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal lobule, medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus, and lateral temporal cortex (Raichle et al. The DMN is a network that tends to reduce its activation during performance of externally oriented tasks (Raichle et al. Here, we show that repetitive speech perse caused a unidirectional reduced activation in widespread cortical networks, including the default mode network (DMN) relative to resting state baseline. While mantras appear to be carefully selected for their physiological or spiritual qualities, we purposefully tried to isolate the effect of silent repetitive speech. Importantly, we did not choose as a meditation object a word that necessary had mantra-like qualities, as the word “one” has not been used in any meditation tradition, well pointed out by an anonymous reviewer. We compared a simple task of covertly repeating a single word (the number “one”) to resting state activity, in 23 subjects, none of which practiced meditation before. In order to try to isolate the effect of silent repetitive speech, which is used in most commonly practiced Mantra meditative practices, on brain activity, we studied the neuronal correlates of simple repetitive speech in nonmeditators –that is, silent repetitive speech devoid of the wider context and spiritual orientations of commonly practiced meditation practices. These control tasks are supposed to subtract language-related activations originating from the Mantra repetition without evoking an emotional response (Tomasino et al. Studies of Mantra meditation typically compare the Mantra meditation to control tasks, including pseudo-words and words silent repetition or generation. 2010).Īn extensive body of data has accumulated using blood oxygenated level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the effects of various meditation practices on brain activity, including silent Mantra meditation (reviewed by Cahn and Polich 2006 and more recently by Sperduti et al. Mantra meditation has been linked experientially to a wide array of emotional and cognitive effects ranging from calm concentration and quiescence of the mental chatter, to deep absorption and mystical states (Goleman 1988 Travis et al. 2008) as a family of complex emotional and attentional regulatory strategies developed for various ends, including the cultivation of well-being and emotional balance.
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Mantra is being practiced within the wider context of meditation, which was generally conceptualized for neuroscience (Lutz et al. A Mantra (in Sanskrit, manas – mind, tra - tools or instruments, hence literally ‘an instrument of thought’) is a sound, word, or group of words whose repetition can exert calm, or mental quiescence, without the need for intense concentrative efforts (Feuerstein 2003). A ubiquitously practiced cognitive task, spanning thousands of years, and various spiritual traditions, is the simple act of repetitive silent speech, termed “Mantra” in eastern traditions.